COUNTER POINT

This song below is based on Counterpoint - A Genre in Western Classical music. 

This is the extended version with BGMs. Raja has given a astounding BGM for a fight scene that pre comes the song . The BG score bricoles the fight to stress the in woven love the hero has also at the same time the vengeance! Raja has deeply used counterpoint in this song. Although many of his song have counterpoints, here he has made known the counterpoint. Counterpoint can be for vocal or for instruments or for both. It is widely used in western classical music. Counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are harmonically interdependent (polyphony), but independent in contour and rhythm. It has been most commonly identified in classical music, developing strongly during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period, especially in Baroque music. The term originates from the Latin punctus contra punctum meaning "point against point". In its most general aspect, counterpoint involves the writing of musical lines that sound very different and move independently from each other but sound harmonious when played simultaneously. In each era, contrapuntally organised music writing has been subject to rules, sometimes strict. By definition, chords occur when multiple notes sound simultaneously; however, harmonic, "vertical" features are considered secondary and almost incidental when counterpoint is the predominant textural element. Counterpoint focuses on melodic interaction—only secondarily on the harmonies produced by that interaction. In the words of John Rahn:

It is hard to write a beautiful song. It is harder to write several individually beautiful songs that, when sung simultaneously, sound as a more beautiful polyphonic whole. The internal structures that create each of the voices separately must contribute to the emergent structure of the polyphony, which in turn must reinforce and comment on the structures of the individual voices. The way that is accomplished in detail is...'counterpoint'.

In musical composition, contrapuntal techniques are important for enabling composers to generate musical ironies.[vague] These ironies serve not only to intrigue listeners into listening more intently to the spinning out of complexities found within the texture of a polyphonic composition, but also to draw them all the more into hearing the working out of these figures and interactions of musical dialogue. A melodic fragment, heard alone, makes a particular impression; but when the fragment is heard simultaneously with other melodic ideas, or combined in unexpected ways with itself (as in a canon or fugue), greater depths of affective meaning are revealed.

படியோர்: இளையராஜா , எஸ். ஜானகி
நடிப்பு: முரளி, ரேவதி ஆஷா கேளுனி மேனன்

இசை: இசைஞானி இளையராஜா

வருடம்: 1985

படம்: பகல் நிலவு 

இயக்குனர்  : மணி இரத்தினம் 

Singers: Ilayaraaja, S. Janaki 

Actors: Murali, Revathi asha keluni menon

Music: Maestro Ilayaraaja

Film: Pagal Nilavu

Direction: Mani Ratnam

Year: 1985

 

25 Benefits of Drinking Green Tea

Green tea has increasingly become a very popular drink worldwide because of its immensely powerful health benefits. It is extraordinarily amazing what green tea can do for your health. And if you're not drinking three to four cups of green tea today, you're definitely not doing your health a big favour. Here are the 25 reasons why you should start drinking green tea right now:

1. Green tea and cancer: Green tea helps reduce the risk of cancer. The antioxidant in green tea is 100 times more effective than vitamin C and 24 times better than vitamin E. This helps your body at protecting cells from damage believed to be linked to cancer.

2. Green tea and heart disease: Green tea helps prevent heart disease and stroke by lowering the level of cholesterol. Even after the heart attack it prevents cell deaths and speeds up the recovery of heart cells.
3. Green tea and Anti-ageing: Green tea contains an antioxidant known as poly-phenols which fight against free radicals. What this means it helps you fight against ageing and promotes longevity.

4. Green tea and weight loss: Green tea helps with your body weight loss. Green tea burns fat and boosts your metabolism rate naturally. It can help you burn up to 70 calories in just one day. That translates to 7 pounds in one year.

5. Green tea and skin: The antioxidant in green tea protects the skin from the harmful effects of free radicals, which cause wrinkling and skin aging. Green tea also helps fight against skin cancer.

6. Green tea and arthritis: Green tea can help prevent and reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Green tea has benefit for your health as it protects the cartilage by blocking the enzyme that destroys cartilage.

7. Green tea and bones: The very key to this is high fluoride content found in green tea. It helps keep your bones strong. If you drink green tea every day, this will help you preserve your bone density.

8. Green tea and cholesterol: Green tea can help lower cholesterol level. It also improves the ratio of good cholesterol to bad cholesterol, by reducing bad cholesterol level.

9. Green tea and obesity: Green tea prevents obesity by stopping the movement of glucose in fat cells. If you are on a healthy diet, exercise regularly and drink green tea, it is unlikely you'll be obese.

10. Green tea and diabetes: Green tea improves lipid and glucose metabolism, prevents sharp increases in blood sugar level and balances your metabolism rate.

11. Green tea and Alzheimers: Green tea helps boost your memory. And although there's no cure for Alzheimer's it helps slow the process of reduced acetylcholine in the brain, which leads to Alzheimer's.

12. Green tea and Parkinson's: Antioxidants in green tea helps prevent against cell damage in the brain which could cause Parkinson's. People drinking green tea also are less likely to progress with Parkinson's.

13. Green tea and liver disease: Green tea helps prevent transplant failure in people with liver failure. Researches showed that green tea destroys harmful free radicals in fatty livers.

14. Green tea and high blood pressure: Green tea helps prevent high blood pressure. Drinking green tea helps keep your blood pressure down by repressing angiotensin, which leads to high blood pressure.

15. Green tea and food poisoning: Catechin found in green tea can kill bacteria which causes food poisoning and kills the toxins produced by those bacteria.

16. Green tea and blood sugar: Blood sugar tends to increase with age, but polyphenols and polysaccharides in green tea help lower your blood sugar level.

17. Green tea and immunity: Polyphenols and flavonoids found in green tea help boost your immune system, making your health stronger in fighting against infections.

18. Green tea and cold and flu: Green tea prevents you from getting a cold or flu. Vitamin C in green tea helps you treat the flu and the common cold.

19. Green tea and asthma: Theophyline in green tea relaxes the muscles which support the bronchial tubes, reducing the severity of asthma.

20. Green tea and ear infection: Green tea helps with ear infection problem. For natural ear cleaning soak a cotton ball in green tea and clean the infected ear.


21. Green tea and herpes: Green tea increases the effectiveness of topical interferon treatment of herpes. First green tea compress is applied, and then let the skin dry before the interferon treatment.

22. Green tea and tooth decay: Green tea destroys bacteria and viruses that cause many dental diseases. It also slows the growth of bacteria which leads to bad breath.


23. Green tea and stress: L-the theanine, which is a kind of amino acids in green tea, can help relieve stress and anxiety.

24. Green tea and allergies: EGCG found in green tea relieves allergies. So if you have allergies, you should really consider drinking green tea.

25. Green tea and HIV: Scientists in Japan have found that EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) in green tea can stop HIV from binding to healthy immune cells. What this means is that green tea can help stop the HIV virus from spreading.

Courtesy! Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).

Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum invention

                           Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)


Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum (FHSS) is a spread spectrum modulation scheme that uses a narrowband carrier that changes frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter and receiver. Properly synchronized, they maintain a single logical channel. To an unintended receiver, FHSS appears as short-duration impulse noise. More simply, the data is broken down into packets and transmitted to the receiver of other devices over numerous “hop frequencies” (79 total) in a pseudo random pattern. Only transmitters and receivers that are synchronized on the same hop frequency pattern will have access to the transmitted data. The transmitter switches hop frequencies 1,600 times per second to assure a high degree of data security

Hedy Lamarr  & George Antheil are often credited and holds original patent for Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

                                                                            

Hedy Lamarr (9th November 1913 – 19th January 2000) was an Austrian-American actress , Inventor and mathematician, celebrated for her great beauty, who was a major contract star of MGM's "Golden Age." When she worked with Max Reinhardt in Berlin, he called her the "most beautiful woman in Europe" due to her "strikingly dark exotic looks," a sentiment widely shared by her audiences and critics. She gained fame after starring in Gustav Machatý's Ecstasy, a film which featured close-ups of her character during orgasm in one scene, as well as full frontal nude shots of her in another scene, both very unusual for the socially conservative period in which the bulk of her career took place.

Mathematically talented, Lamarr also co-invented—with composer George Antheil—an early technique for spread spectrum communications and frequency hopping, necessary for wireless communication from the pre-computer age to the present day.

Hers & George Antheil system of radio selective switching as it is called now as Frequncy hopping is used in CDMA mobile Telephony systems.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

Avant garde composer George Antheil, a son of German immigrants and neighbor of Lamarr, had experimented with automated control of musical instruments, including his music for Ballet Mécanique, originally written for Fernand Léger's 1924 abstract film. This score involved multiple player pianos playing simultaneously. 

                                                                    

Antheil wrote a nationally syndicated newspaper relationship advice column, as well as regular columns in magazines such as Esquire and Coronet. He considered himself an expert on female endocrinology, and wrote a series of articles about how to determine the availability of women based on glandular effects on their appearance, with titles such as "The Glandbook for the Questing Male".

Antheil's interest in this area brought him into contact with the actress Hedy Lamarr. Lamarr had fled her Austrian munitions-making husband, and coming to the US had become fiercely pro-American. As a result of a chance conversation, they conceived and patented a frequency-hopping torpedo guidance system. Lamarr contributed the knowledge of torpedo control gained from her husband and Antheil a method of controlling the spread spectrum sequences using a player-piano mechanism similar to those used in Ballet Mécanique. Despite the initial enthusiasm of the U.S. Navy, the importance of the Antheil-Lamarr discovery was only acknowledged in the 1990s.The creation of the device designed by Lamarr and Antheil was not implemented until 1962, when it was used by the U.S. military in Cuba. Later it served as a basis for modern communication technology, such as CDMA transmission protocol for cellular telephones.

During World War II, he participated in the "Hollywood Anti-Nazi League for the Defence of American Democracy" with Oscar Hammerstein and others, putting on exhibits of artworks banned in Nazi Germany such as those by Käthe Kollwitz. He also published a book of war predictions, entitled The Shape of the War to Come.

Lamarr took her idea to Antheil and together, Antheil and Lamarr submitted the idea of a secret communication system in June 1941. On August 11, 1942, US Patent 2292387 was granted to Antheil and "Hedy Kiesler Markey," Lamarr's married name at the time. This early version of frequency hopping used a piano roll to change between 88 frequencies and was intended to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam. Although a presentation of the technique was soon made to the U.S. Navy, it met with opposition and was not adopted.

The idea was not implemented in the USA until 1962, when it was used by U.S. military ships during a blockade of Cuba after the patent had expired. Perhaps owing to this lag in development, the patent was little-known until 1997, when the Electronic Frontier Foundation gave Lamarr an award for this contribution. It is reported that, in 1998, Ottawa wireless technology developer Wi-LAN, Inc. "acquired a 49 percent claim to the patent from Lamarr for an undisclosed amount of stock" (Eliza Schmidkunz, Inside GNSS), although expired patents have no economic value. Antheil had died in 1959.

Lamarr's and Antheil's frequency-hopping idea serves as a basis for modern spread-spectrum communication technology, such as Bluetooth, COFDM used in Wi-Fi network connections, and CDMA used in some cordless and wireless telephones. Blackwell, Martin, and Vernam's 1920 patent Secrecy Communication System (1598673) seems to lay the communications groundwork for Kiesler and Antheil's patent, which employed the techniques in the autonomous control of torpedoes.

Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council, but was reportedly told by NIC member Charles F. Kettering and others that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell War Bonds.

Lamarr died in Casselberry, Florida, on January 19, 2000, aged 86, from natural causes. Her son Anthony Loder took her ashes to Austria and spread them in the Vienna Woods, in accordance with her last wishes while Antheil died of a heart attack in the New York City borough of Manhattan. His legacy included two accomplished students, Henry Brant and Benjamin Lees. He is buried in Riverview Cemetery, in Trenton, New Jersey.

Key Words:  Frequency-hopping  George Antheil Hedy Lamarr  Hedy Kiesler Markey  Code division multiple access (CDMA) Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum invention

கிரக பேதம் / ஸ்ருதி பேதம் / Graha bedham / Sruthi bedam

Singer: S. P. Shailaja
Ragam: Mohanam / Bhoopali / Bhup

Raja has carefully employed  a Graha bedham / Sruthi bedam in the  above song. So for some it will sound as if sudha saveri. Graha bedham of a musical scale in Carnatic music (rāgam in South Indian classical music), is the process (or result of the process) of shifting the Tonic note (śruti) to another note in the rāgam and arriving at a different rāgam.

Graha literally means position and bedham means change. Since the position of the śruti is changed (pitch of the drone), it is also sometimes called Swara bedham or Śruti bedham though Śruti bedham and Graha bedham have some technical differences

The arohanam and the avaroganam of Mohanam / Bhoopai is

S R2 G3 P D2 S
S D2 P G3 R2 S

and  the arohanam & avaroganam of Sudha Saveri is

S R2 M1 P D2 S
S D2 P M1 R2 S

If we carefully look at the notes, sudha saveri varies from Mohanam in the third note [Gha3 for mohanam and Mha1 for Sudha saveri].

But if we think logically, we can bring sudha saveri from Mohanam, if we extrapolate and shift the sadjam. In the song, the chord progressions are such a way, that the panchamam is heard as sadjhamam to our ears and thus we conceptualise the whole composition to be on shudha saveri ragam.


பாடியவர்: ஷைலஜா
இராகம்: மோஹனம்

இளையராஜா இப்பாடலில் கிரக பேதம் / ஸ்ருதி பேதம் செய்து உள்ளார், அகவே சிலருக்குப் இப் பாடல் " சுத்த சாவேரி" போல் தொனிக்கும்

கட்டளைய கீதம் எனும் தமிழ் இசை வடிவில் உருவான பாடல்:

ஷண்முகப்ரியா என்னும் கர்நாடகப் இராகத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள பாடல் என்றாலும் இது கட்டளைய கீதம் எனும் தமிழ் இசை வடிவில் உருவான பாடல் என்று கூறலாம் .








இங்குக் கூறப்படும் கட்டளையைச் சந்தம் என்று கூறலாம். பாடலில் வரும் எழுத்தோசை அளவுக் கூறுகளைக் கட்டளை என்பர்.
 கட்டு + அளவு - கட்டப்பட்ட அளவு - கட்டளை
இயல் தமிழில் கட்டளைக் கலித்துறை, கட்டளைக் கலிப்பா என்ற பாவகைகள் உள்ளன. இவை எழுத்து எண்ணிப் பாடப்படும் பாடலாகும். இயல் தமிழில் வரும் கட்டளை எழுத்து எண்ணிக்கை உடையது. இசைத்தமிழில் வரும் கட்டளை எழுத்தோசை பற்றியதாகும். செய்யுளில் வரும் கட்டளை யாப்புப் பற்றியது. இசையில் வரும் கட்டளை தாளம் பற்றிய சந்தமாகும்.


கட்டளைய கீதம்

  இசைத்தமிழில் கட்டளைய கீதம் என்ற இசை உருப்படி பற்றி அடியார்க்கு நல்லார் குறிப்பிடுகிறார். (சிலம்பு 3:10-11) தாளத்திற்கு ஏற்ப எழுத்தசைவுகளையமைத்துக் கட்டிய சிறு பாடலைக் கட்டளைய கீதம் என்பர். தற்காலத்தில் இதனைக் கீதம் என்று அழைக்கின்றனர். இது தாளத்திற்கேற்ற எழுத்தளவு உடைய உருப்படியாகும். இவ்வாறு தாள அனுமானத்துடன் எழுத்துகளைக் காட்டும் பொழுது நெடிலைக் குறிலாகவும் குறிலை நெடிலாகவும் ஒலிக்கும் சூழலும் தோன்றும். இங்கு, தாளச் சந்த அமைதியே முக்கிய இடம் பெறும். உதாரணமாக, திருப்புகழ்ப் பாடலில் ஒரு தொடரைக் காண்போம்.

தத்தன தனதன தத்தன தனதன  


தத்தன தனதன தனதான
கைத்தல நிறைகனி அப்பமொ டவல்பொரி
கப்பிய கரிமுக னடிபேணி


இதில் கைத்தல என்ற சொல்லின் முதலில் வரும் கை என்பது நெடிலாகும். ஆனால் சந்தத்தில் இரு மாத்திரை பெறும் நெடிலாக இடம் பெறாமல் ஒரு மாத்திரை பெறும் குறிலே சந்தமாக வந்துள்ளது. இசை மரபில் எழுத்துகள் தத்தமக்குரிய மாத்திரை அளவிலிருந்து மாறி ஒலிப்பதும் ஒற்றெழுத்துகள் நீட்டி ஒலிப்பதும் ஆகிய மரபுண்டு என்று தொல்காப்பியரும் கூறியுள்ளார்.

அளபிறந்து உயிர்த்தலும் ஒற்றிசை நீடலும்
உளவென மொழிப இசையொடு சிவணிய
நரம்பின் மறைய என்மனார் புலவர் (தொல்.எழுத்து. 33)
This is called Akshara chanda and Matra chanda Respectively. A Reference to this by my friend and Mirthanga vidvan Poovalor Srinivasan Sriji. That's the reason great seer of Conjivaram did not recommend Mantras to be sung in a raga and for tala, because Matra calculation will change, nullifying the effect of Mantras....


http://yogasangeeta.org/images/Music%20Articles/Laya%20-%20Nada.pdf

Raga: Shanmukhapriya

• ārohaṇa: S R2 G2 M2 P D1 N2 S
• avarohaṇa: S N2 D1 P M2 G2 R2 S

List of English words of Indian Origins

English has lot of loaned words . I will begin with the words that were loaned to that from my native Tamil and other Indian languages. We Indians are also native speakers of English. Since, English is the defacto language and in many cases or regions it is the Dejure language for conversation and day to day affairs although several states have their own language as THE DEJURE language for the state.

• 
  List of English words of Tamil origin
  catamaran
  from Tamil கட்டுமரம் kattumaram ("kattu"=tie up, "maram"=tree/wood) (Source: OED, AHD, MWD)
  corundum
  from a Tamil word for 'ruby', குருந்தம் kuruntham or குருவிந்தம் kuruvintham (Source: OED)
  Cardamom
  From Tamil Yelakkai or ஏலக்காய் / ஏலக்கை. Cardamom is grown on the slopes of Western ghats and the hills that are home to this spice is called CARDAMOM HILLS.
  mulligatawny
  from Tamil மிளகுத்தண்ணீர் milagu-tanneer from milagu black pepper and tanneer, water (Source: OED, AHD, MWD)
  pariah
  from Tamil பறையர் paṟaiyar, plural of பறையன் paṟaiyaṉ "drummer". The meaning of "drummer" dates to 1613 (via Portuguese ?), but the current extended meaning of "outcast" for pariah is first attested in 1819. (Source: OED, AHD, MWD)
  patchouli
  from Tamil pachchai பச்சை (green), and ellai இலை (leaf).
  pandal
  from Tamil பந்தல் pandhal (Source: OED)
  tutenag
  from Tamil துத்தநாகம் thuthanaagam meaning "raw zinc" (Source: OED)
  vetiver
  from Tamil வெட்டிவேர் vettiver; a tropical Indian grass; Botanical name: Vetiveria zizanioides; its aromatic roots are used for weaving screens and baskets and the oil in perfumery (source: AHD)
  anicut
  from Tamil anaikattu, ("anai"=dam, "kattu"=building/structure) (source:MWD)
  Palmyra
  from Tamil Pannamarrum/Pannai, (Marram = Tree)
  English words that ultimately have a Tamil origin
  candy
  late 13c., "crystalized sugar," from O.Fr. çucre candi "sugar candy," ultimately from Arabic qandi, from Pers. qand "cane sugar," probably from Skt. khanda "piece (of sugar)," perhaps from Dravidian (cf. Tamil kantu "candy," kattu "to harden, condense"). As a verb, attested from 1530s; hence, candied (c.1600).
  cheroot
  via French cheroute, from Tamil சுருட்டு suruṭṭu, roll or rolled (Source: OED, AHD, MWD)
  Cochin-china
  old name of a region and French colony in southern Vietnam, from Fr. Cochin-China, from Portuguese corruption of Ko-chen, of uncertain meaning; the China added to distinguish it from the town and port of Cochin in southwest India, the name of which is Tamil, perhaps from கொஞ்சம் koncham "little," in reference to the river there.
  cot
  "small bed", 1630s via Hindi khat "couch, hammock," from Skt. khatva (Dravidian source: Tamil கட்டில் kattil "bedstead").
  cowrie
  "small shell", via Hindi and Urdu kauri, from Mahrati kavadi, from Skt. kaparda (Source : Tamil கொடு kotu "shell").
  curry
  via Hindi-Urdu from Tamil கறி kaṟi "sauce" (Source: OED, AHD, MWD)
  pagoda
  1580s, from Port. pagode (early 16c.), from a corruption of Pers. butkada, from but "idol" + kada "dwelling." Or perhaps from or influenced by Tamil pagavadi "house belonging to a deity," from Skt. bhagavati "goddess," fem. of bhagavat "blessed, adorable," from *bhagah "good fortune," from PIE base *bhag- "to share out, apportion".
  peacock
  poucock, from M.E. po "peacock" + coc (see cock (n.)). Po is from O.E. pawa "peafowl," from L. pavo (gen. pavonis), which, with Gk. taos said to be ultimately from Tamil tokei(but perhaps is imitative; Latin represented the peacock's sound as paupulo). The Latin word also is the source of O.H.G. pfawo, Ger. Pfau, Du. pauw, O.C.S. pavu. Used as the type of a vainglorious person from late 14c. Its flesh superstitiously believed to be incorruptible (even St. Augustine credits this). "When he sees his feet, he screams wildly, thinking that they are not in keeping with the rest of his body."
  poppadom
  via Hindi-Urdu or Punjabi, from Malayalam or Tamil பப்படம் pappaṭam, ultimately Sanskrit पर्पट parpaṭa "a kind of thin cake made of rice or pease-meal and baked in grease" or "a thin crisp cake" (Source: OED)
  portia tree
  ultimately from Tamil பூவரசு puvarasu (Source: OED)
  rice
  The English word rice is not borrowed from the Greek word "oruza" ((μαγειρ.) ὄρύζα), as previously thought (and found in older handbooks), nor is it a direct borrowing from Tamil அரிசி arici. The relation between Engl. rice and Tamil அரிசி arici is in fact more complicated, as demonstrated in more recent researches. Although Engl. rice is indeed ultimately from (Old) Tamil, the "rice" word has entered English, through several intermediary languages, notably via Church Latin, (Old) French, (Old) Spanish, (Old) Italian and Arabic. tuuf shanthi ramya bharatji umamageswari rajeswari

Major English dictionaries like Oxford English Dictionary, American Heritage Dictionary, and Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, do not conclusively attribute Tamil origin to these words.
anaconda
possibly from Tamil ஆனை கொன்றன் aanai kondran, elephant killer. OED gives derivation from Tamil anai-kondra (anaik-konda), meaning "which killed an elephant.” AHD, MWD, New Oxford American Dictionary give origin from Sinhalese හෙනකඳයා henakaňdayā, "whipsnake".
cash
Of disputed origin. The primary meaning of the word cash, "paper money", or "money" in general, may be from French caisse, Provençal caissa, Italian cassa "money box" from Vulgar Latin capsa "chest, box". A secondary meaning of cash, referring to any of the various coins used in southern India and China, could be from Malayalam or Tamil காசு kācu (Source: OED, AHD, MWD)
coolie
Of disputed origin. OED states Tamil is proposed by some as the language of origin, from கூலி cooli a Tamil word for "labour". Alternatively, it could refer to a tribe from Gujarat, whose members were frequently employed as manual laborers.
ginger
The English word ginger is derived from the Middle English gingivere, which in turn comes from Old English gingifer and from Old French gingivre, both from Medieval Latin gingiber. The Latin word is derived from Greek ζιγγίβερις zingiberis, of Middle Indic origin (akin to Pali सिन्गिभेरम् singiveram), from Dravidian roots, akin to Tamil இஞ்சி வேர்
iñcivēr -- இஞ்சி iñci = ginger (of southeast Asian origin) + Tamil வேர் vēr = root.
godown
via Malay gudang, from a Dravidian origin, cf. Kannada gadangu, Tamil கிட்டங்கி (கிடங்கு) Kittangi (kidangu/kodangu) "store room" (Source: OED)
Moringa
exact origin unknown, cf. Tamil முருங்கை murungai , Tamil word for drumstick (Source: OED, AHD)

The butcher of Amritser Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer CB

Present Indian Generation has to know this man and what scarifies we Indians gave to win our freedom from Britain: Independence is not a easy going and getting one. USA and India Both paid the price! A huge price for upholding their freedom!   USA too lost many lives in their war to freedom!



Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer CB (9 October 1864 – 23 July 1927) was a British Indian Army officer who as a temporary Brigadier-General was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar (in the British India province of Punjab). Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the British Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India

Dyer was born in Murree, in the Punjab province of British India, which is now in Pakistan. He was the son of an Irish brewer who managed the famed Murree Brewery. He spent his childhood in Simla and received his early education at the Bishop Cotton School in Simla. He attended Midleton College, County Cork, Ireland between 1875 and 1881. In 1885, soon after attendance at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst he was commissioned into the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) as a Lieutenant, and performed riot control duties in Belfast (1886) and served in the Third Burmese War (1886–87). He was then transferred to the British Indian Army, joining initially the Bengal Staff Corps as a Lieutenant in 1887 and being attached to the 39th Bengal Infantry, later transferring to the 29th Punjabis. He served in the latter in the Black Mountain campaign (1888), the relief of Chitral (1895) (being promoted Captain in 1896) and the Mahsud blockade (1901–02). In 1901 he was appointed a Deputy Assistant Adjutant General. He was then transferred to the 25th Punjabis. In August 1903 he was promoted to Major, and served with the Landi Kotal Expedition (1908). He commanded the 25th Punjabis in India and Hong Kong and was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1910. During World War I (1914–18), he commanded the Seistan Force, for which he was mentioned in despatches and made a Companion of the Bath (CB). He was promoted Colonel in 1915, and was made a temporary Brigadier-General in 1916. In 1919, about a month after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, in the Third Anglo-Afghan War, his Brigade relieved the garrison of Thal, for which he was again mentioned in despatches. 5th Brigade at Jamrud was his last command posting for a few months during 1919. He retired on 17 July 1920, retaining the rank of Colonel.

Crawling order

Brigadier Dyer designated the spot where Miss Marcella Sherwood was assaulted sacred and daytime pickets were placed at either end of the street. Anyone wishing to proceed in the street between 6am and 8pm was made to crawl the 200 yards (180 m) on all fours, lying flat on their bellies. The order was not required at night due to a curfew. The order effectively closed the street. The houses did not have any back doors and the inhabitants could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. This order was in effect from 19 April until 25 April 1919. No doctor or supplier was allowed in, resulting in the sick being unattended.

Brigadier Dyer is known best for the orders which he gave on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar. It was by his command that 50 troops, including 25 Gurkhas of 1st/9th Gurkha Rifles, 25 Pathans and Baluch of 54th Sikhs and 59th Sindh Rifles, all armed with .303 Lee-Enfield rifles opened fire on a gathering of unarmed civilians, including women and children, at the Jallianwalla Bagh in what came to be known later as the Amritsar massacre.

The civilians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to participate with the annual Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis. Being from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres (28,000 m2) and was walled on all sides except for five entrances. Four of these entrances were very narrow, admitting only a few people at a time. The fifth entrance was blocked by the armed soldiers, as well as by two armoured cars with machine guns. (These vehicles were unable to pass through the entrance.) Upon entering the park, the General ordered the troops to shoot directly into the assembled gathering. Shooting continued until his troops' supply of 1,650 rounds of ammunition was almost exhausted. The shooting continued unabated for about 10 minutes.

From time to time, Dyer "checked his fire and directed it upon places where the crowd was thickest"; he did this not because the crowd was slow to disperse, but because he (the General) "had made up his mind to punish them for having assembled there." Some of the soldiers initially shot into the air, at which General Dyer shouted: "Fire low. What have you been brought here for?"Later, Dyer's own testimony revealed that the crowd was not given any warning to disperse and he was not remorseful for having ordered his troops to shoot.

ஸ்ரோதஸ்வனி - Srotaswini Raga

இந்தக் கட்டுரை ஆங்கிலம் மற்றும் தமிழில் தட்டச்சுப் செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. சில விஷயங்கள் தமிழுக்கு மற்றம் செய்ய முடியவில்லை ஆகவே !!

ஸ்ரோதஸ்வனி இராகதிற்குப் செல்லும் முன் பெயர் காரணம் மற்றும் அறிவியல் சார்ந்த அலகுகளையும் சற்று நோக்குவோம் : Before we go to the raga, we just have an glance on the naming reasons!

'srotas' means flow of a river. srotaswini is the name of a river and is also a rare raga of Carnatic music. Srothaswini - S G2 M1 P N3 S | S N3 P M1 G2 S . Srotas, or Shrotas (pronounced /ˈʃroʊtɑːs/ US dict: shrō′·tâs, n.pl., from Sanskrit स्रोतस् srótas - the current, stream, torrent, channel, course ) -- in Ayurveda, the 13 types of channels used to convey dhatus and malas. Any injury to the shrotas leads to poor circulation, thus resulting in disease. Eridanus constellation is called srotaswini in Sanskrit. Srotaswini  is a pentatonic raga : S G2 M1 P N3


Eridanus /ɨˈrɪdənəs/ is a constellation. It is represented as a river; its name is the Ancient Greek name for the Po River. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations.




The stars that correspond to Eridanus are also depicted as a river in Indian astronomy starting close to the head of Orion just below Auriga. Eridanus is called Srotaswini in Sanskrit, srótas meaning the course of a river or stream. Specifically, it is depicted as the Ganges on the head of Dakshinamoorthy or Nataraja, a Hindu incarnation of Siva. Dakshinamoorthy himself is represented by the constellation Orion.

ஸ்ரோதஸ்வனி என்ற அபூர்வ ராகமானது, கீரவாணி என்ற மேளகர்த்தா ராகத்தின் ஜன்யமாகும். சரியான பெயர் ஸ்ரோதஸ்வனியா அல்லது ஸ்ரோதஸ்வினியா என்று தெரியவில்லை.

இதன் ஆரோகணம், அவரோகணம் வருமாறு:-

ஆரோகணம் - S G2 M1 P N3 S
அவரோகணம் - S N3 P M1 G2 S

இந்த அபூர்வ ராகம், கர்னாடக இசையிலும், இந்துஸ்தானி இசையிலும் பெரிதும் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டதாகத் தெரியவில்லை. திரையிசையிலும் பெரிதும் பயன்படுத்தப்படாத இந்த இராகத்தில் ஐந்து  சினிமாப்பாடல்கள் இசைஞானி இளையராஜா சமைத்துள்ளார்.

கர்நாடக இசையில் இந்த இராகத்தைக் கேட்க வேண்டுமென்றால், வயலின் எம்பார் கண்ணனும், கீ போர்ட் சத்யநாராயணவும் சேர்ந்து வாசித்துள்ள ஒரு அருமையான ஆலாபனையைக் கேட்க வேண்டும். கடந்த வருடம் லாஸ் ஏஞ்கல்ஸ் நகரில் இதனை வாசித்துள்ளார்கள். இந்த ஆலாபனையைக் கேட்கும்போது யாராக இருந்தாலும் சில நிமிடங்களுக்காவது பரவச நிலை அடைவது நிச்சயம்.




இசைஞானி இளையராஜா இந்த இராகத்தில் சமைத்து உள்ள ஐந்து திரை இசைப் பாடல்கள் :

முதல் பாடல் "நீங்கள் கேட்டவை" என்ற படத்தில் இடம் பெற்ற "ஓ. வசந்த ராஜா" என்ற பாடலாகும். இதுவும் ஸ்ரோதஸ்வனியில் அமைந்த ஒரு இனிமையான பாடலாகும்.



இரண்டாவது பாடல் "பூந்தோட்டக் காவல்காரன்" என்ற படத்தில் இடம் பெரும், "சிந்திய வெண்மணி சிப்பியில் முத்தாச்சு" என்ற பாடல். ஜேசுதாஸ் மற்றும் சுசீலா குரலில் பாடப்பட்ட ஒரு இனிமையான பாடல்.



மூன்றாவது பாடல்:

நீதானா அந்தக் குயில் படத்தில் பூஜை கேத்த பூ விது




நான்காவது பாடல்:


Jai Chiranjeeva Jagadeka Veera - Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari (Telugu)

 


ஐந்தாவது பாடல்:


sumam sumam prathi sumam sumam – Maharishi ( Telugu)